Wednesday 10 November 2021

The old man and the sea: between the now and the past and the future

 


The old man and the sea

It is not about a fish.

For some weird reason I felt an urge to reread this book. I read it many years ago in Arabic, I think I was 18 at the time, and I was fascinated by how Hemingway depicted that old man’s struggle with the sea, with old age, and with people’s perceptions and prejudice. I could not remember much details about the book other than a vivid image in my head (maybe from the movie not sure) of the fish skeleton hanging by the boat side.

Last month I became 45, which in my teens and early twenties I imagined that by that age I would have achieved all my dreams. Of course then my dreams- at least in my head- were plans with a lot of details, sometimes very specific details. Now I find that 18 year old boy is so strange to me, and most of his said plans are nothing but fantasies. This feeling leaves some bitterness inside me, which is what people call midlife crisis.

Santiago (by the way, spoiler alert) went on a desperate hunt, searching for a catch that will regain him the respect that he deserves, and ironically against all the odds he catches an 18 ft fish, no one ever caught something this big in his town, and everyone is astonished by his achievement and his success, except two people, him and his young assistant. I may add a third person who is not impressed by the catch, me, the reader. The fish reached the port nothing but a skeleton, not a pound of flesh on it, and therefore it will not bring him the money he dreamt about, it also cost him his health and most of his hands, so probably he will never be able to fish again. Even if it made him rich, powerful and respected as he wished, he was too old to enjoy it. As for the young boy, he loved him regardless, he believed in him and his wisdom and ability whether he caught an 18 ft fish or returned empty handed, he did not need such an achievement to change how he felt towards him.

As for me, the reader, I felt pity more than anything else. Santiago, alone in the ocean, dragged around by a dream- or a catch, not able to let go and enjoy his days, and not able to bring to the surface to celebrate, instead, the dream is deep down still dragging him away from what he has, from what he is, and in all of this, his only commiseration is his memories of the “good old days”. At some point, after a lot of struggle, he captured his prize, but life is not that simple, along came the sharks and started eating his catch, bit by bit. He stood helpless, defeated, and most importantly alone, even his memories abandoned him.

Many years ago, I felt defeated, I was chasing my dreams and one by one seeing them falling apart in front of my eyes, I saw- or imagined my soul being shattered by the realities that I could not change. The 18 ft fish that I was chasing, or I thought I was, in reality it was dragging me as far from my boat as ever, and I am lost in the ocean of life divided between memories and dreams. At that very point I decided that I will focus on the moment, live every moment as it is, enjoy the present, forget the past and what nostalgias it carries, forget the future and what hopes it promises, just live the present.

The present, as astrophysicist like to point out, does not exist, time travels through us and everything else and the “NOW” is something that happened between the past and the future, everything either in the past, or still in the future, there is no such thing as now. This is a troubling concept, but like many other scientific concepts, they are troubling because life does not confirm to what we want it to be, science is not the problem, our understanding of life is, because we often rely on our senses and how our brains interpret these senses, which is often very deceiving.

The old man, Santiago, was chasing his dreams, burdened by his past, and he was escaping the present, which does not exist. So what now? Ernest Hemingway’s answer to this was: suicide. He published The Old Man and The Sea in 1952, did not write any books afterwards till he committed suicide in 1961.

Albert Camus talked in his philosophy about the absurd; which describes the discrepancy between desire and reality. In his essay about the myth of Sisyphus he asked: does the realization of the meaningless and the absurdity of life necessarily require suicide? He argued that suicide- whether physical or spiritual- is not the answer. Cioran ridiculed the notion of suicide stating that it is often done too late, the worst has already passed.

What is the point? Seriously, you might be asking, as I am asking myself: what is the point? To this post, nothing, there is no point, I do not have an answer to offer, there is no moral of the story. The old man and the sea presented Hemingway with a dilemma, whether to live in the past, or the present, science tells us there is no present, philosophers argue that life is meaningless and absurd, so probably the only thing I can recommend is to read the book, and do not kill yourself.

 

Ahmad Baker

Saturday 6 November 2021

هل هناك أمة إسلامية؟

١٠٠ سنة من الخلافة

ابو بكر الصديق رضي الله عنه، تولى بعد وفاة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم ومات عام ١٣ هجري
عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه قُتل عام ٢٣ هجري
عثمان بن عفان رضي الله عنه قُتل عام ٣٥ هجري
علي بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه قُتل عام ٤٠ هجري
معاوية بن أبي سفيان رضي الله عنه توفي عام ٦٠ هجري وكانت هناك محاولة اغتيال 
الحسين بن علي رضي الله عنه قُتل عام ٦١ هجري (ولم تصح له البيعة، وكان الخليفة يزيد)
يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان مات عام ٦٤ هجري
عبد الله بن الزبير بن العوام، نازع يزيد واجتمعت له البيعة بعد وفاة يزيد إلى أن قتله عبدالملك بن مروان ٧٣ هجري
عبد الملك بن مروان مات ٨٦ هجري
الوليد بن عبد الملك مات ٩٦ هجري
سليمان بن عبد الملك مات ٩٩ هجري


عمر بن عبدالعزيز مات ١٠١ هجري (يقال مات مسموم)
يعني نصفهم قتل، وهم جيل الصحابة والتابعين


أما الحروب الداخلية، بين المسلمين أنفسهم (وهذا ليس بعد بحث وانما في غالبه اعتماد على الذاكرة) 
حروب الردة ١١ و١٢ هجري
معركة الجمل ٣٦ هجري
معركة صفين ٣٧ هجري
معركة النهروان ٣٧ هجري
واقعة الحرة ٦٣ هجري
ثورة وحروب ابن الاشعث امتدت من ٨٠ إلى ٨٥ هجري
حصار مكة مرتين وهدم الكعبة ٧٢ و٧٣ هجري
حروب المهلب والحجاج وخالد بن عبد الله مع الازارقة، وامتدت بين ٦٧ هجري الى ٧٩ هجري



القصد من السرد
نحن دائما نتطلع إلى تاريخنا الإسلامي بنوع من التحيز والحنين (النوستالجيا)، دون فهم وإقرار بعيوب و مشاكل هذا التاريخ.

بناء الدولة، عبر التاريخ، يقوم على سفك الدماء والبقاء للأقوى، ليس الأفضل، بل الأقوى.

الأمة الإسلامية لم تكن يوماً تمتد من الأندلس إلى الهند، كما نحب ان نتفاخر، هذه كانت الدولة الأموية وفي داخلها الكثير من الصراعات والحروب كما ذكرنا أعلاه. 

مفهوم الأمة مفهوم فضفاض، فهو تكتل أناس في زمان ومكان يجمعهم أنماط معينة، دينية لغوية عادات وقيم وغيره. ومع امتداد الدولة الإسلامية تمدد مفهوم الأمة من الاشتراك او الارتباط الديني اللغوي القبلي، ليشمل مفاهيم انسانية مدنية أخرى خاصة بالمجتمعات الجديدة المنتمية لهذه الأمة (الافتراضية).

مع امتداد رقعة الدولة، وحب التفرد في الملك، دخل مفهوم العلمانية كفصل الدين عن الدولة إلى التطبيق في الدولة الإسلامية، ولذلك تجد ان غالب الحروب الداخلية في القرن الأول كانت بسبب (إلى حد ما) الدين وتأويل طريقة الحكم بمفهوم ديني، وطبعاً انتصار الأقوى - الامويون- رسخّ هذا الفصل. 

في الوقت الحالي، مفهوم الأمة الإسلامية هو مفهوم رومنسي، وذو قيمة إنسانية سامية، لكن لا يمكن ترجمته إلى واقع سياسي. لأنه لا يأخذ بعين الاعتبار الإختلاف الشديد بين مكونات هذه الأمة. 
نجاح الحركات القومية في بداية القرن الماضي، ومن ثم ولادة الدولة الحديثة، في الشرق والغرب والعالم، أثبتت تطور وتحرر المجتمعات من فكرة الأمة (nation) إلى فكرة الدولة (state). فالأردني،كمثال، في حوران يرتبط بروابط عديدة مع السوري في درعا أكثر من الروابط مع الأردني في العقبة، لكنه يشعر بالإنتماء لمفهوم الدولة التي تجمعه مع العقباوي أكثر من ما يجمعه مع الحوراني. وهذا ينطبق على الغرب، فمقاطعة تايلور في شمال إيطاليا في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر وبداية القرن العشرين انتقلت بين عدة دول وليدة حديثة إلى أن أصبحت إيطالية، وما يجمعها تاريخيا مع النمسا وألمانيا اكثر مما يجمعها مع الدولة الإيطالية، لكن الآن المواطنة الحديثة تسود اي نوع من الإنتماء (راجع محاضرات نشرتها من مدة للفيلسوف كوامي انتوني ابيا عن مفهوم الأمة- موجود في موقع البي بي سي). 

بالمختصر، الأمة الإسلامية مفهوم جميل لجمع التبرعات، لمساعدة شخص في حاجة، لإيجاد نوع من القوة والتكتل داخل مجتمع غربي. أكثر من هذا فأنت تُحمّل المفهوم حمل لن يطيقه... 

أحمد بكر

Tuesday 2 November 2021

Beautiful world: where are you? a review-ish

 




 

Beautiful world: where are you?

 

I wanted to be friends with Sally Rooney, or at least in my head I thought we could, because I felt I connected with her writing.

What is the book about? My wife asked me, I posed, gave it a good few seconds to think and replied: people, I think.

Few decades ago I heard a joke which given my age at the time it was funny, I grew up and the meaning of the joke grew with me, the joke goes:

A man found a button, took to a tailor to make a suit that matches.

Over the years I came across many “buttons” that I made suits to match. Towards the end of the book Alice (one of the characters) talks through an email about how a journalist ran an article about her because of a comment she made answering her question, and then how people on twitter tweeted about her relationship making judgments on her life from that sentence. For a moment I thought that was Rooney’s button, I imagined that Sally Rooney saw a tweet about her -or someone else- and she wanted to write about it, from that she created those characters and their lives and ended up with a book about the world. But again I thought I am making the same mistake that journalist and the person who tweeted about Alice, were making a judgement from an impression.

 

I am always fascinated how novelists narrate a story, some use one of the characters to tell the story, some use themselves – the author- as the narrator. Few books I read, and I love, the role of the narrator is shared, not just by the characters in the story, but also by the author. Rooney used an interesting approach to tell the story, there is the narrator telling us parts of what’s happening, surprisingly, or unsurprisingly, the narrator is just like us, at some scenes they are distant and not sure of what exactly happening, they can not tell us the expressions on the person’s face, they are like us baffled by someone’s actions, and why they are doing it. Then you have the emails, and like letters, emails have gone out of fashion. I often use emails to communicate with a very close friend, and I could easily relate to the notion of writing long email discussing beauty as a concept and spread of Marxism. Rooney used these emails to help us explore the characters, their view of the world and motives for doing what they do.

When the story is being narrated Rooney uses a unique way of writing, in my head it sounded like I was listening to audio description for the blind on the TV. The language is simple, short sentences, cold and algorithmic, as if you are reading a programmer script. And like the programmer script, when you run it on a computer it creates worlds of wonder in your mind, and so does the story. Here is an extract from the book (I edited the presentation, to illustrate my point, read it loud, use the voice of the audio description from the TV):

On the platform of a train station,

late morning,

early June:

two women embracing after a separation of several months.

Behind them, a tall fair-haired man alighting from the train carrying two suitcases.

The women unspeaking, their eyes closed tight, their arms wrapped around one another,

for a second, two seconds, three.

(now, you can see how the text seamlessly transforms from a shallow descriptive algorithm to something else, read for yourself)

Were they aware, in the intensity of their embrace, of something slightly ridiculous about this tableau, something almost comical, as someone nearby sneezed violently into a crumpled tissue; as a dirty discarded plastic bottle scuttled along the platform under a breath of wind; as a mechanised billboard on the station wall rotated from an advertisement for hair products to an advertisement for car insurance; as life in its ordinariness and even ugly vulgarity imposed itself everywhere all around them?

 

This scene/ text is describing two friends embracing their true human feelings in this absurd materialistic world. This apparent contradiction between our inside and outside, between how we live every moment different from another, this contradiction goes on throughout the story, but in a subtle way, soft and sublime that you hardly notice, except when you choose to notice, or when Sally Rooney wants you to notice.

 

I found the book truly entertaining - especially if you try and read it in Irish accent, at least in my head. The reason I picked up the book is Sally Rooney’s brave stance to support Palestinians human rights and condemning the Israeli occupation, I felt obliged to read her book/s. The story, as a story is predictable, in the same way life is, but only once we live it we realise it is what we expected. It is also complex, life and the story, you move with the characters trying to judge them and judge their actions, and at every juncture you realise that you were wrong, and you change your mind, again, just like real life.

 

What’s the book about? I hear you ask; people, I guess.



Ahmad Baker